Coffee Is A Supply Of Money, Material, And Analysis

Contents 1. Contents 2. Introduction 3. Extraction 4. Refinement 5. Refinement 6. Utilization 7. Sustainability/Conclusion 8. References Introduction A resource is a supply of money, material, staff or other things of value (assets or commodities) that can be readily drawn upon when needed or used to produce wealth. Coffee is cultivated in over 70 countries, however is most effectively grown in the equatorial regions of the world such as The Americas, Africa, Southeast Asia and India. It can in some cases be grown in subtropical regions as well. Coffee is a resource that is grown on bushes (therefore being a renewable resource), varying on value depending on its quality and type (two most common types being Arabica†¦show more content†¦The second being a commonly unknown substance called trigonelline which has a large impact on the flavour of the coffee in the roasting stage. There is an Ethiopian legend which says coffee was discovered by a goat herder which noticed his goats frolicking, full of energy after consuming the small red fruits from the coffee shrub. The herder tried the fruits and had a similar reaction. Before coffee became the morning beverage we know it as today it had many different forms of which it was consumed. From a wine like beverage too just eating the fruit as it was found. The Arabians started the roasted coffee phenomenon we know today way back in the 13th Century. By parching or boiling the coffee beans the Arabs were able to corner the market on coffee crops. In fact this was so affective it is believed not a single coffee plant existed outside Arabia or Africa until the 1600’s. Fertile beans were smuggled out by an Indian pilgrim aboard a string across his abdomen. This started the European coffee trade; however the Europeans couldn’t grow the plant in their home countries so they planted elsewhere. The Spanish planted in Central America, the Portuguese in Brazil and The French in the Caribbean and the Dutch (first to open a coffee estate-in 1616) in Sri Lanka. Extraction The resource is found as a little red fruit or â€Å"cherry† on a shrub (picture

A Prayer For A Deceased s Easy Passing Essay - 855 Words

Science, being based on facts has influenced my personal views on the meaning of death in addition to the belief in God and the powers that be. Being raised Christian and receiving the necessary sacraments as a Catholic, has taught me the power and comfort of prayer. Positive thoughts and prayer are always beneficial in all situations. Saying a prayer for a deceased’s easy passing is something I believe is necessary. This is something I practice to give comfort and assistance to the soul on its journey into the unknown. I always say a prayer for all deaths that I am aware of, even those people and animals I do not know. To me, the meaning of death is the end of this earthly life, not the end of the soul’s existence. Although, Christian teachings speak of an afterlife and the soul’s destination of heaven, hell or purgatory, there is no scientific proof. The unknown is just that, unknown. As scientific law states; the only constant thing is change. As a m ature adult, death means change and uncertainty to me. The first person that died in my life was my biological father at the age of three. I have no recollection of him or of his death. The first deceased person I encountered was my stepfather’s mother between the age of four and five. The memories I have of the event were flashes of her lying in an open casket dressed in black with lace and thinking that she was sleeping. 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Chapter 30 Ap Euro Outline free essay sample

Chapter 30: The West at the Dawn of the 21st Century~. The 20th century movement of people: The Soviet communists’ forced removal of the Russian peasants and the Nazi’s deportations and execution of European Jews were only the most dramatic examples of this development. Many moved from the countryside to the cities. Other vast forced movements due to the government caused millions of Germans Hungarians, Poles, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Finns, Chechens, Armenians, Greeks, Turks, Balts, and Bosnian Muslims to be displaced. This forced displacement transformed parts of Europe. Displacement through War: WWII created a huge refugee problem. An estimated 46 million people were displaced in Central and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union alone between 1938 and 1948. The Nazis had move hundred of thousands of foreign workers into Germany, million more were POWs, some returned to their homeland, other were forced, hundreds found refuge in W. Europe. Changes in borders after the war also uprooted many people. Eternal and Internal Migration: 1945-1960: Half a million Europeans left Europe each year. Decolonization in the postwar period led to many European colonials to return to Europe from overseas. Decolonization also led non-European inhabitants of former colonies to migrate to Europe. This influx proved to be a long term source of social tension and conflict. In Britain, radical tensions were high during the 1980s. France faced a similar problem, which contributed to the emergence of the National Front, that sought to exploit the resentment many worker felt toward North African workers. The growing Muslim presence in Europe had produced some of the most serious ethnic and political tensions. The New Muslim Population: The immigration of Muslims into Europe, and particularly Western Europe, arose from 2 chief sources: European economic growth Decolonization After WWII, a labor shortage developed, Western Europe imported laborers, many who were from Muslim nations. The aftermath of decolonization and the quest for a better life led Muslims from East Africa and the Indian subcontinent to settle in Great Britain. The Algerian War brought many Muslims to France. - These Muslim immigrant communities share certain social and religious characteristics. Neither the immigrants nor the host countries gave much thought to assimilation. Except from Great Britain, European governments made it difficult for Muslim, or any other, immigrants to take part in civic life. The Muslim communities therefore remained self-contained and assimilated. As European economic growth slowed, Euro pean Muslims have become the target of politicians, such as Le Pen in France, who seek to blame the immigrants for a host of problems from crime to unemployment. The radicalization of parts of the Islamic world has also touched the Muslim communities in Europe. Ex: 2005 Immigration youth riots in France European Muslims are not a homogenous group. These Muslim communities have become a major concern for European social workers who disagree among themselves about how their governments should respond to them. European Population Trends: The population of European, measured in terms of birthrate, has stabilized in a manner that has disturbed many observers. Europeans are having so few children that they are no longer replacing themselves. There is no consensus on why the European birthrate has decline. Possible reason: Women as postponing having children later in their childbearing years. Governments have been trying to limit immigration into Europe at a time when it may need new workers. - The falling birthrate means Europe will face the prospect of an aging population. This means it is unlikely that it will give a rise to economic innovation. The internal European market will shrink. Europe will have fewer Europeans, it’s share of the world’ population will decline, and it will lose influence. Toward the Welfare State Society: During the Cold war era, the nations of Western Europe achieved economic prosperity and maintained independent, liberal democratic governments. The end of WWII saw vast constitutional changes in much of Western Europe. The construction of stable, liberal, democratic political frameworks became a major goal of their postwar political leaders, as well as of the U. S. The Great Depression had shown that democracy requires a social and economic base, as well as a political structure. Most Europeans came to believe that governments ought to ensure economic prosperity and social security. Christian Democratic Parties: Except for the British Labor Party, the vehicles of the new postwar policies were not, as might have been expected, the democratic socialist parties. Outside Scandinavia, those parties generally did not prosper after the onset of the Cold war, they were oppressed by communists and conservatives. Rather, various Christian democratic parties introduced the new policies. - The postwar C. D Ps of Germany, France, Austria and Italy were progressive and welcomed non-Catholic members. Democracy, social reform, economic growth, and anticommunism were their hallmark. The events of war years largely determined the political leadership of the postwar decade. After 1947, however, in a policy that U. S naturally favored, communists were systematically excluded from Western European governments. The Creation of Welfare States: The Great Depression, the rise of authoritarian states in the wake of economic dislocation, and WWII, which involved more people in a war effort then ever before, changed how many Europeans thought about social welfare. Governments began to spend more on social welfare than they did on the military. The relocation of funds was possible because of the NATO defense umbrella, which the U. S primary handle and funded. The 2 basic models for social legislation were the German and the British. In both the German and British systems, workers were insured only against the risks from disease, injury on the job, and old age. After WWII, the concept emerged that social insurance against predictable risks was a social right and should be available to all citizens. In Britain, William B. Beveridge set forth this concept in 1942. The 1st major European nation to begin to create a welfare state was Britain under the labor ministry of Clement Attlee. The most important element of this early legislation was the creation of the National Health Service. France and Germany did not adopt similar health legislation until the 1970s. The spread of welfare legislation within Western Europe was related to both the Cold War and domestic political and economic policy. The communist states of Eastern Europe were promising their people social security as well as full employment. [Fake] The capitalist states came to believe they had to provide similar security for their people. Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare States: Western European attitudes toward the Welfare state reflected 3 periods that have marked economic life since the end of the war. The 1st period was one of reconstruction from 1945 though the early 1950s. It was followed by a 2nd period of 25 years of generally steady and expanding economic growth. The 3rd period brought first an era f inflation in the late 1970s and then one of relatively low growth and high unemployment from the 1990s to the present. From the 1970s, more people came to believe the market should be allowed to regulate itself and that government should be less involved in though not completely withdraw from, the economy. - Most influential political figure was Margaret Thatcher of the British conservative party who also served as Prime Minister. She and her party were determined to roll back many socialist polices that were nationalized. She also curbed the power of the trade unions. Her goal was to make the British economy more efficient and competitive. This was con troversial, but managed to push through parliament. This was known as the Thatcher Revolution~. Welfare spread, but the cost of those services had risen. The decline in population growth mess-up the benefits of the welfare state. Unemployment increased Welfare payments. Low fertility rates mean the next working generation will have fewer people to support the retired elderly population. Middle class taxpayers have become reluctant to support the systems. The general growth of confidence in the ability of market forces rather than the government intervention to sustain social tension has also spread in the past 25 years had has raised questions about the existing welfare structures. New Patterns in the Work and Expectations of Women: In all social ranks, women have begun to assume larger economic and political roles. Despite enormous gains and the collapse of those authoritarian governments, gender inequality remained a major characteristic of the social life of Europe at the opening of the 21st century. More Married Women In The Work Force Many more women working. Women from middle and working classes, and married women. Shift changes and better healthcare and childcare made it easier for married women to work Children were no longer expected to contribute to family income More time in school Often both parents worked New Work Patterns More consistent work pattern for women Entered the work force after schooling, stopped to care for young children, then entered again after their children began school Large factor: increased life expectancy Child rearing was now a smaller proportion of their lives Other things became more important Women (especially urban women) had fewer children, and had them later. Some decided not to have children at all Women In The New Eastern Europe Under communism, women had equal rights and gov. benefits Over 50% worked No women’s movements, however New gov had gave funding for health and welfare for women and children Limited maternity benefits Women were paid less, and laid off before men. Transformation In Knowledge And Cultur Rapid advancements in 20th century Institutions of higher education enrolled a larger and more diverse student body Knowledge was more widely available Existentialism changed trad. Intellectual attitudes New concerns about the environment Communism and Western Europe Before the end of the 20th century, western Europe had large, organized communist parties After Bolsh. ictory in R revolution and civil war, western socialists divided into two parties: Independent democratic socialists and Soviet-dominated communists following dictate of the Third International Groups fought constantly, except for rare cooperation (French popular front 1936 The Intellectuals 1930s: depression. many people saw communism as a way to protect humane and liberal values students often affilia ted w/ the communist party many praised Stalin’s â€Å"achievements†, turning a blind eye to the terror communism began to substitute religion for some Europeans The God That Failed written after WWII, described attraction toward, and later disillusionment w/ communism Four events crucial to this: the great Soviet public purge trials of late 1930s, The Spanish civil war, the Nazi-Soviet pact of 1939 (destroyed image of anti-fascism), and Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 Arthur Coestler: Darkness at Noon (1940) a former communist’s view of the purges George Orwell (former sympathizer) Homage to Catalonia showed disappointment w/ Stalin’s policy in Spain Those disillusioned w/ USSR and Stalin did not always abandon Marxism or rad socialist criticism of euro society Some looked for establishment of communist govs. On non-soviet models Ex: Yugoslavia post WWII Late 1950s: Chinese Revolution Antonio Gramsci: contributed to non-soviet communism This thinking became important in western communism: Italy Marxism was redefined, older essays now published, more humanist Philosophic Manuscripts and German Ideology now widely read Marxists could be more moderate Existentialism: Termed â€Å"the philosophy of Europe in the 20th century† Badly devide Continuation of the revolt against reason(19th) Roots in Nietzsche and Kierkegaard Friedrich Nietzsche, SOren Kierkegaard = forerunners of existentialism K: rebel against Hegelism and Danish Lutheranis Fear and Trembling, (1843) Either/Or (1843) Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846 Truth of Christianity could be grasped only in the lives of those who faced extreme situation Criticized academic philosophy for trying to contain life and experience within abstract categories Spurned faith in the power of reason. Believed in truth in passion Intellectual and ethical crisis in WWI brought critique of reason to the foreground 2 Questioning of Rationalism: Existentialism got more support in WWII Major writers: Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus All questioned primacy of reason and science in understanding the human situation Romantic writers of early 19th had the same questions Emphasized imagination and intuition Existentialism: extremes of human experience: death, fear, and anxiety. Writings: Heidegger:Being and Time,(1927); Sartre: Nausea, 1938 Being and Nothingness, 1943; Camus:The Stranger, 1942, and The Plague 1947 All very morbid and foreboding Humans cannot depend on trad. Religion, rational philosophy, intuition, or social customs for ethical guidance. Protested reason, technology, and politics for causing was and genocide Intellectuals were attracter to communism and existentialism around WWII Changed in the 60s as now ideas appeared iii Expansion Of The University Population And Student Rebellion More Europeans were getting university education 100s of 1000s by year 2000 available to people from different social backgrounds, and women unexpected result: student rebellion of 1960s students protesting the war in Vietnam. started in US and spread to Europe also questioned middle-class values, trad. Sexual morals, and family life peaked in 1968, US students violently protested involvement in Vietnam Sorbonne students in Paris almost brought down gov. of Charles de Gaull Czechoslovakia, students led liberal socialist movement All three failed and had not great effect on their government By 1970s, the era had passed but students remained active in movements. The Americanization Of Europe US had huge influence on Europe through the Marshall Plan, NATO, military bases, student exchanges, pop culture, and touris Americanization: economic and military influence, and also cultural loss American corporations, music, and entertainment taking over Europ English became the common language (American English, aluminum, not aluminium) A Consumer Society Western Consumer economy = biggest difference between eastern and western Europe Created political difference East: capital investment and military production Produced inadequate food and consumer good for the people Long food and clothing lines were common Inadequate housing Few automobiles West: excellent food supply Expansion of consumer goods and service Automobile ownership and electronic appliances were taken for granted Prepared and disposable product Foreign vacations. Resort Consumerism was a defining characteristic of Western Europe in the late 20th Created discontent in the East which brought communism and the USSR Environmentalism: Natural resources are limited Hostile countries have critical resource In the post-war era: Americanization in Europe had entailed both the economic and military influence of the United States. European culture feared it would be buried by American popular entertainment, consumer goods, and even language. (lol XD America is very smothering. ) Western Europes consumer-goods orientation differentiated it from the East, but also formed a centerpiece of the environmentalist critique. The German green movement had gained political clout with an anti-capitalist, antinuclear message. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster brought environmental issues into mainstream European politics and policies Neo-Orthodoxy: Christian churches had continued to exercise social and political influence, even in the increasingly secular Europe of the 20th century. Karl Barths neo-Orthodoxy held that God was wholly other than humanity and that humans profoundly needed the divine. Liberal theologians have treated religion as a human phenomenon. The Roman Catholic Church initiated significant change in the postwar era, particularly under Pope John Paul XXIII. Vatican II liberalized many aspects of Catholicism, while subsequent papacies have been more traditionalist Pope John Paul II contributed to the revolts against Soviet communism in Poland and elsewhere, and has furthered the spread of Christianity as a world religion. Art since WWII: Cold War/WWII influencedCultural divisions and the cold war: Tatijiana Yablonshakya’s Bread American Jackson Pollock’s One NYC emerged as the international center of artMemory of the Holocaust: Rachel WhiterbreadMinimalism Late – Twentieth Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer The Demand for Calculating Machines: Scientific Revolution people, especially Blaise Pascal, began to theorize about a machine that would do mathematical calculations for humans This type of creation was possible because of the new types of advances Early Computer Technology: War made change The first modern computer was the ENIAC – or Electric Numerical Integrator and Computer Primary sites for computer production was Britain and USA The Development of Desktop Computers: Two innovations transformed computer technology – control of the computer was transferred to a bitmap covering the screen of a computer monitor, and the engineers at the Intel Corporation invented the microchip Mouse made anybody an instant expert at using the computer 😉 Apple made the first successful computer – Macintosh IBM also became successful with the PC Introduced â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have nots† to the society of people and stuff The Challenge of European Unification: Postwar Cooperation Economic cooperation had the most potential European Steel and Coal Community – France, W. Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries The European Economic Community Treaty of Rome – the six members of the Coal and Steel Community created the EEC – European Economic Community EEC was extremely successful and soon more and more countries were joining Britain was declined twice EEC began to stagnate The European Union: Treaty of Maastricht – unified currency and a strong central bank – needed a wider popular support When the treaty took effect, EEC – European Union 25 countries Discord over the Union: New constitutional treaty – transferred much decision making authority to a central European Union defeated in France and the Netherlands Lots of conflict with the internal budget Many large issues had to do with countries worried about the change in currencies, thought they were being ignored, and many others. Turkey was a big problem whether to add them or not

Sociology of the Family Steve Nock In Focus Essay Example

Sociology of the Family: Steve Nock In Focus Essay We hear a good deal nowadays about the crisis of the American family and even its impending death. The state of marriage has become severely weakened in Western nations over the past decades. Divorce, the postponement of marriage, a rise in the proportion of the never-married, an increase in non-marital cohabitation, and the ready availability of contraception are forces that have eroded the family and compromised its ultimate function, the licensing of reproduction. The American family has held on, and many believe actually flourished. Some population experts say that families are back in style. And some sociologists insist that the family is a timeless entity, rooted in our social and animal nature. However, since society is always changing, the family, as the basic unit of this larger entity, must change to reflect this fact. As viewed from the family reorganization perspective, marriage and the family are changing to reflect personal lifestyle choices available in today’s society. Accordingly the family is not only a resilient institution; it is a durable feature of the human experience. Steve L. Nock’s opus Marriage As A Public Issue described this phenomenon in the shape of the myth of the model family. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of the Family: Steve Nock In Focus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of the Family: Steve Nock In Focus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of the Family: Steve Nock In Focus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nock touches on the laments about the condition of the family imply that at an earlier time in history the family was more stable and harmonious that it currently is. Yet, despite massive research, historians have not located a golden age of the family. He contends that the marriages of the ancient times were based on family and property needs, not on choice by affection. Families were often devastated by desertion and death. She views the family as an institution in difficulty and cite many signs that they take as evidence of decay and disintegration: Loveless marriages and increasing remarriage cases, the tyranny of husbands, high death rates, and the beating and abuse of children are up to a grim image. And she holds ancient Christianity accountable for this paradoxically antifamilial phenomenon. Nock believes that the really critical event in an individual’s life centers on moving into a relationship marked by intimacy, commitment, and love. It is true that far more marriages break up today than in the past. The divorce rate has increased eightfold since the early part of the century, to the point where millions of Americans go through marriage counseling and divorce courts every year. As well, Nock suggests that family violence, and domestic abuse are much more common than most Americans had suspected. The expression coming out of the closet is an apt one when applied to battered women and victims of abuse and sexual coercion. They have been as reluctant as gay persons have been to reveal their sexual preferences. Traditionally, they have attempted to keep the indignities they have experienced locked inside the family home. Family or domestic violence includes the use or threat of physical force or restraint carried out with intent of causing pain or injury to a family member, and consist of pushing, shoving, slapping, kicking, biting, hitting with fists, hitting or trying to hit with an object, beatings, and threat or use of a weapon. Although both men and women engage in violence, men typically do more damage than their female partners. Women are affected by violence the most, in that their mental and physical health suffers in violent relationships where they are in more danger of killing or being killed by their partners. Some men find it easier to control the weaker members of the family by force because it does not require negotiation or interpersonal skills. This way, Nock proves that men really take all the advantageous aspects of a marriage. Women put up with battering for a variety of reasons. For one thing, the fewer the resources as wife has in the way of education or job skills, the more vulnerable she is in the marriage. For another, Americans place the burden of achieving ideal family picture or at the least, family harmony on women, with the implication that they have failed if the marriage disintegrates. From a cultural perspective, as maintained by English social principle, women were regarded as chattel; initially, as possessions of their fathers, and afterward of their spouses. Moreover, many women become entrapped in abusive relationships, a process whereby they escalate their commitment to a previously chosen but failing course of action in order to justify of make good on their prior investments. That the women come to believe that they have too much invested to quit. Finally, the more a wife was abused by her parents and witnessed violence in her childhood home, the more likely she is to remain with an abusive husband. Nock says that the mothers in incestuous families are commonly passive, have a poor self-image, and are overly dependent on their husbands, much the same traits found among battered wives. The victims of molestation are usually shamed or terrified into treating the experience as a dirty secret. The sexual abuse of children often leads to behavioral problems, learning difficulties, sexual promiscuity, runaway behavior, drug and alcohol abuse, gastrointestinal and genitourinary complaints, compulsive rituals, clinical depression, low self-esteem, and suicidal behavior. In the modern age, the matters of family violence and domestic abuse have emerged as major issues. Even so, considerable ambivalence still exists on these subjects. Much needs to be done to assist the victims, if not to save the model family. Should the trend continue, industrial societies will be impaired because they will not replace themselves. As well, the changing roles of American men and women have also reduced the benefits of marriage, increasingly separating marriage from sexual behavior and making parenthood simply an option. Like many Americans, Steve Nock similarly shares a concern about the directions in which family life has been moving in recent decades. They view the family as an institution in difficulty and cite many signs that they take as evidence of decay and disintegration. Indisputably, Marriage As A Public Issue tells that the meaning of marriage has been changing and with it the family institution. But pronouncements concerning the death of the family, or at least its impending doom, seem greatly exaggerated. While its obituary continues to be written, the myth of the model family still has to find if it will have a happy ending or tortuous development throughout American history. In the interim, the troubled family and an outsider will have to work together to help the former perceive what is happening between them that is creating problems for one or more of the members. The focus is on altering the spaces between people and their relationships, rather than on changing the processes within maladjusted individuals so as to irrationally piece together a picture-perfect model family. True, gender roles probably represent the earliest division of labor among human beings. Consequently, we are all born into societies with well-established cultural guidelines for the behavior of men and women. In any society, they emphasize monogamy in relationships. Steve Nock expounds that in order to achieve maturity, people have to go through the rite of passage through matrimony. As part of the life cycle, successful marriages determine an assured good afterlife while unsuccessful ones a guaranteed loss in the spiritual realm. Sexual inequality has been sustained historically by assigning the economic provider role to men and the childbearing role to women. In contrast, contends Nock, if a man did not contribute what a woman felt to be his fair share of the housework, the relationship was not usually jeopardized. If put against the metaphor of the chopsticks, this reality will prove inequitable in the American society. Figuratively speaking, if chopsticks will not work together as a pair, the entire universe will not even turn out manageable. Families, villages, and the society as a whole will lose grip on the sense of balance epitomized by male and female roles. American men seemed preoccupied with dominance and power. In fact, they could take pleasure in their partner’s success only if it was not superior to their own. In contrast, women were found to be happier and relationships were more stable when the male partners were ambitious and successful. Most married couples pooled their money. However, regardless of how much the wife earned, they measured their financial success by the husband’s income only. Most of the married couples had sexual relations at least once a week. People who had sex infrequently were just as likely to have a long-lasting relationship as those who had sex often. While couples were happier when the opportunity to initiate and refuse sex was shared equally by the partners, in more than half of the cases the husbands were still the primary initiators. But whereas the women tended to link sex and love, men often did not. Less than a third of the couples engaged in extramarital activities. Husbands were more often repeatedly unfaithful than wives, but their transgressions did not necessarily represent dissatisfaction with either their partner or the relationship as a whole. Women, in contrast, often strayed just once, mostly out of curiosity; but for them, infidelity was more likely to blossom into a full-fledged love affair. According to Nock, women were more likely than men to say they were the emotional caretakers of the family, although almost majority of the men indicated that they focused more on their marriage than they did on their work. In about a quarter of the marriages, both partners claimed they were relationship-centered. Furthermore, Marriage As A Public Issue also tackles the obstructions that women had to deal with whenever they make introspective evaluation of themselves and see in their husbands’ shadows the genuine picture of themselves revealed back to them. The imagery of women is depicted as a frustrated segment of the society that is stuck on the long-term customs and habits women are obliged to undertake day in day out, even if it goes to a sadistic extent. Indeed, husbands so objected to doing housework that the more they did of it, the more unhappy they were, the more they argued with their wives, and the greater were the chances the couple would divorce. Divorced mothers with teenage sons find their situation particularly stressful, in part because they have greater difficulty establishing control and authority. Financial problems complicate the difficulties of many women. Only half of divorced mothers receive any money at all from their children’s fathers, and this is seldom much. The states began formalizing laws to help children whose parents lacked the financial means to care for their physical needs. Local governments often provided the funds for these programs. These programs were intended to help children whose fathers were deceased; sometimes assistance was also provided to children whose fathers were disabled or absent through divorce or desertion. These early programs were called mothers’ aid or mothers’ pensions. Proving that men are really at the favored side even at the aftermath of a marriage, children are usually left to the lone custody of the mother. Being a single mother of several children requires making sacrifices. Many single-parent mothers whine of a lack of free time, spiraling child-care costs, loneliness, and unrelenting pressures associated with the dual demands of home and job. Although many women do not choose single parenting, most are proud of their ability to survive under adverse circumstances. On the other hand, and looking from the minority single fathers’ perspectives, single fathers also encounter many of the same problems. Juggling work and childcare poses a good deal of difficulty, especially for fathers with preschool youngsters. Many fathers first attempt to have someone come into their homes and care for the children there while they are at work. But the vast majority finds that this arrangement does not work out. Many fathers then gravitate toward daycare centers and nursery schools where they feel that the staff has a professional commitment to children. Experiences of deception, betrayal, aggression, codependence, and breakup forcefully remind us that communication can be a very difficult and risky business in the American society. the negative patterns of communication constructed by relational partners are the result of imbalances in the dialectical tensions in a relationship. One dialectical tension is that people need both autonomy as separate individuals and intimacy with others. In this case, the other chopstick either wants to have a better mate or to be alone. In other societies like China, if the co-headship of the husband and wife renders imbalanced, cultural villages as that of Lahu might gradually perish. Unfortunately, the image we gain from the non-Lahu theories is one of essentially passive individuals who are programmed for behavior by adult bearers of culture. Children are given cues to their gender roles in a great variety of ways. Parents often furnish boys’ and girls’ rooms differently, decorating those of boys with animal motifs and those of girls with floral motifs, lace, fringe, and ruffles. Steve Nock proves there is nothing wrong with this divisive definition of gender roles. However, the complementary companionship of the two should precede, prevail and even push the marriage until after physical death. Once the children start elementary school, fathers usually allow them to stay alone after school. Many single fathers report that their greatest difficulty in making the transition to single parenthood is losing their wife’s help and companionship; they say that it is more difficult for them to become single than to become a single parent. Overall, the single father is neither the extraordinary human nor the bumbling Mr. Mom depicted in many popular stereotypes. Indeed, marriage is a partnership born out of love, founded on thought-out goals, and sustained through procreation. With such â€Å"heavy and big concepts,† no doubt mature conduct should be a pre-requisite and a growing footing in such a relationship. Even before Steve Nock prophesied the family myth, back in the day, the myth against women was already developing when educators of the Medieval and Enlightenment periods started to worry about the strength and character of the American family. In colonial and frontier times people expressed anxiety about the disruption of family life. And in the 19th and early 20th centuries, worry about the family was cloaked in recurrent public hysteria regarding the peril posed to the nation’s Anglo-American institutions by the arrival of immigrant groups with alien cultures. In sum, the model family question despite its many guises, is not new. So, given the lesson of history and the certainty that families will continue to adapt in unforeseen ways, it is safe to assume that debate will continue.